The exposure of infants to the influence of intrauterine chemicals such as drugs and alcohol has a number of potential risks. The authors set out the evidence for these outcomes, and demonstrate that decisions about care and management can and should be made as early as possible. This should allow professionals to provide protective management and prevent the delays that are so often seen in this area of medical and social care. The international team of contributors cover a range of intrauterine chemicals that are potentially neuroactive, including medicinal drugs such as antiepileptics, antidepressants and antipsychotics, as well as drugs of abuse, including alcohol, opiates, and recreational drugs such as cannabis and tobacco. They review the teratogenic action of some of the chemical processes and the relationship of exposure to the stage of pregnancy. Some agents alter anatomic structure; others alter the chemical balance of neurotransmitters and may thus alter the regulation of brain function, with profound effects on the child's behaviour and propensity to behavioural disturbances. The book explores strategies to support these children and those who care for them, including statutory agencies.
Contents
INTRODUCTION 1
Philip M Preece
SECTION 1.
NEUROTERATOGENESIS EPIDEMIOLOGY AND PATHOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY OF DRUG AND ALCOHOL USE DURING
PREGNANCY 11
Ron Gray
NORMAL AND ABNORMAL EMBRYOGENESIS OF THE
MAMMALIAN BRAIN 23
Kathy K Sulik, Shonagh K O'Leary-Moore, Elizabeth A Godin
and Scott E Parnell
SECTION 2.
LONG-TERM EFFECTS OF MAJOR PRESCRIBED MEDICATIONS
EPILEPSY IN PREGNANCY AND THE EFFECT OF PRENATAL
ANTIEPILEPTIC MEDICATION 44
Jill Clayton-Smith and Gus Baker
NEURODEVELOPMENT OF CHILDREN EXPOSED TO
ANTIDEPRESSANT AND ANTIPSYCHOTIC MEDICATIONS DURING
PREGNANCY 56
Irene Nulman, Sara Citron, Michelle Todorow and
Elizabeth Uleryk
SECTION 3.
LONG-TERM EFFECTS OF DRUGS OF ABUSE
DIAGNOSIS OF FETAL ALCOHOL SYNDROME: EMPHASIS ON
EARLY DETECTION 85
Margaret Barrow and Edward P Riley
THE EFFECTS OF PRENATAL ALCOHOL EXPOSURE ON BRAIN AND
BEHAVIOUR 108
Christie L McGee Petrenko and Edward P Riley
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CONTENTS
EFFECT OF DRUGS OF ABUSE ON THE FETUS: COCAINE AND
OPIATES INCLUDING HEROIN 130
Lynn T Singer and Sonia Minnes
CANNABIS USE DURING PREGNANCY: ITS EFFECTS ON
OFFSPRING FROM BIRTH TO YOUNG ADULTHOOD 153
Peter A Fried
IN UTERO EXPOSURE TO THE POPULAR 'RECREATIONAL' DRUGS
MDMA (ECSTASY) AND METHAMPHETAMINE (ICE, CRYSTAL):
PRELIMINARY FINDINGS 169
Derek G Moore, John J D Turner, Julia E Goodwin, Sarah E
Fulton, Lynn T Singer and Andrew C Parrott
THE SHORT-TERM AND LONG-TERM DEVELOPMENTAL
CONSEQUENCES OF MATERNAL SMOKING DURING PREGNANCY 183
Kate E Pickett and Lauren S Wakschlag
SECTION 4.
INTERVENTION STRATEGIES TO REDUCE THE IMPACT OF DRUGS AND
ALCOHOL IN PREGNANCY
MANAGEMENT OF THE EFFECTS OF PRENATAL DRUGS IN
CHILDREN OF DRUG-ABUSING PARENTS 197
Faye Macrory and Michael Murphy
PRENATAL AND POSTNATAL INTERVENTION STRATEGIES FOR