Alcohol, Drugs and Medication in Pregnancy: The Long Term Outcome for the Child

The exposure of infants to the influence of intrauterine chemicals such as drugs and alcohol has a number of potential risks. The authors set out the evidence for these outcomes, and demonstrate that decisions about care and management can and should be made as early as possible. This should allow professionals to provide protective management and prevent the delays that are so often seen in this area of medical and social care. The international team of contributors cover a range of intrauterine chemicals that are potentially neuroactive, including medicinal drugs such as antiepileptics, antidepressants and antipsychotics, as well as drugs of abuse, including alcohol, opiates, and recreational drugs such as cannabis and tobacco. They review the teratogenic action of some of the chemical processes and the relationship of exposure to the stage of pregnancy. Some agents alter anatomic structure; others alter the chemical balance of neurotransmitters and may thus alter the regulation of brain function, with profound effects on the child's behaviour and propensity to behavioural disturbances. The book explores strategies to support these children and those who care for them, including statutory agencies.

Contents

1. INTRODUCTION 1

Philip M Preece

SECTION 1.

NEUROTERATOGENESIS EPIDEMIOLOGY AND PATHOLOGY

2. EPIDEMIOLOGY OF DRUG AND ALCOHOL USE DURING

PREGNANCY 11

Ron Gray

3. NORMAL AND ABNORMAL EMBRYOGENESIS OF THE

MAMMALIAN BRAIN 23

Kathy K Sulik, Shonagh K O'Leary-Moore, Elizabeth A Godin

and Scott E Parnell

SECTION 2.

LONG-TERM EFFECTS OF MAJOR PRESCRIBED MEDICATIONS

4. EPILEPSY IN PREGNANCY AND THE EFFECT OF PRENATAL

ANTIEPILEPTIC MEDICATION 44

Jill Clayton-Smith and Gus Baker

5. NEURODEVELOPMENT OF CHILDREN EXPOSED TO

ANTIDEPRESSANT AND ANTIPSYCHOTIC MEDICATIONS DURING

PREGNANCY 56

Irene Nulman, Sara Citron, Michelle Todorow and

Elizabeth Uleryk

SECTION 3.

LONG-TERM EFFECTS OF DRUGS OF ABUSE

6. DIAGNOSIS OF FETAL ALCOHOL SYNDROME: EMPHASIS ON

EARLY DETECTION 85

Margaret Barrow and Edward P Riley

7. THE EFFECTS OF PRENATAL ALCOHOL EXPOSURE ON BRAIN AND

BEHAVIOUR 108

Christie L McGee Petrenko and Edward P Riley

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CONTENTS

8. EFFECT OF DRUGS OF ABUSE ON THE FETUS: COCAINE AND

OPIATES INCLUDING HEROIN 130

Lynn T Singer and Sonia Minnes

9. CANNABIS USE DURING PREGNANCY: ITS EFFECTS ON

OFFSPRING FROM BIRTH TO YOUNG ADULTHOOD 153

Peter A Fried

10. IN UTERO EXPOSURE TO THE POPULAR 'RECREATIONAL' DRUGS

MDMA (ECSTASY) AND METHAMPHETAMINE (ICE, CRYSTAL):

PRELIMINARY FINDINGS 169

Derek G Moore, John J D Turner, Julia E Goodwin, Sarah E

Fulton, Lynn T Singer and Andrew C Parrott

11. THE SHORT-TERM AND LONG-TERM DEVELOPMENTAL

CONSEQUENCES OF MATERNAL SMOKING DURING PREGNANCY 183

Kate E Pickett and Lauren S Wakschlag

SECTION 4.

INTERVENTION STRATEGIES TO REDUCE THE IMPACT OF DRUGS AND

ALCOHOL IN PREGNANCY

12. MANAGEMENT OF THE EFFECTS OF PRENATAL DRUGS IN

CHILDREN OF DRUG-ABUSING PARENTS 197

Faye Macrory and Michael Murphy

13. PRENATAL AND POSTNATAL INTERVENTION STRATEGIES FOR

ALCOHOL-ABUSING MOTHERS IN PREGNANCY 217

Ann P Streissguth and Therese M Grant

14. COGNITIVE AND BEHAVIOURAL INTERVENTIONS TO

AMELIORATE THE EFFECTS OF FETAL ALCOHOL SPECTRUM

DISORDERS IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS: PROMOTING

POSITIVE OUTCOMES 234

Wendy O Kalberg and Julie Gelo

Dettagli