This United States Department of Justice Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS) manual, Standards and Guidelines for Internal Affairs: Recommendation from a Community of Practice, was developed by the National Internal Affairs Community of Practice group, a collaborative partnership of the Los Angeles (California) Police Department and 11 other major city and county law enforcement agencies. The agencies shared and developed standards and best practices in internal affairs work, discussed differences and similarities in practice, and looked at various approaches to improving their individual and collective agencies' internal affairs practices.